Expert Commentary - The Sixteenth Council

Explore insightful analysis and diverse perspectives on critical global issues from leading academics, policymakers, and practitioners. Our expert commentary provides in-depth insights to challenge conventional thinking and inform informed decision-making.

Energy, Food, and Power: The New Geopolitics of Global Markets

Dr. Silvana Sosa Clavijo examines how energy, artificial intelligence, food systems, and geopolitics are reshaping the global economy. As electricity replaces oil as the strategic foundation of growth, nations face new pressures linked to AI-driven energy demand, supply-chain vulnerabilities, and geopolitical instability. The article argues that energy security, food security, and technological competitiveness are now deeply interconnected. It concludes that future global influence will depend on resilient electricity systems, strategic infrastructure, agricultural stability, and control of critical supply chains.

Changing Latin America’s Security Architecture: What It Means for India

Latin America’s evolving security architecture is being reshaped by geopolitical competition, organised crime, climate risks, migration, and digital threats. As regional powers seek greater autonomy in a multipolar world, India faces new strategic, economic, and diplomatic opportunities across the region. This report explores how India can strengthen defence cooperation, secure critical supply chains, expand technological partnerships, and deepen multilateral engagement with Latin America while navigating rising Chinese influence, political fragmentation, and emerging non-traditional security threats in an increasingly interconnected global order.

Existing Indian Economic and Strategic Interests in Cuba: Challenges and Prospects

India’s economic and strategic engagement with Cuba spans pharmaceuticals, renewable energy, digital cooperation, and development assistance, rooted in decades of South-South solidarity. Yet this relationship remains underutilised due to U.S. sanctions, Cuba’s economic fragility, and implementation gaps in key projects. With Cuba’s BRICS partner status and expanding renewable energy ambitions, India has a timely opportunity to convert commitments into tangible outcomes, deepening its role as a credible Global South partner while unlocking high-value sectors for bilateral growth.

Escalation of Far-right Politics in Europe

Europe has seen a marked rise in far-right politics, driven by economic strain, migration pressures, and public dissatisfaction with mainstream governance. Nationalist and populist rhetoric has increasingly entered political discourse, influencing policy and public attitudes. This shift raises concerns for minority rights, democratic institutions, and the rule of law. Addressing these trends requires stronger democratic safeguards, enforcement of shared values, and efforts to counter disinformation while rebuilding public trust in governance.

Critical Minerals and the Green Transition: Europe’s New Dependency Risk

The European Green Deal is one of the most ambitious climate and industrial strategies toward a decarbonized energy system, industrial leadership, and climate resilience. However, while Europe seeks energy independence from fossil fuels, it faces an important vulnerability: dependence on critical minerals. Lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements, and graphite are indispensable for electric vehicles, renewable infrastructure, and advanced technologies — but their supply is heavily concentrated in a few countries, creating potential strategic bottlenecks.

Trump Can’t Take Greenland – and the World Knows Why

Any attempt by the United States to annex Greenland would collapse under its own contradictions. Washington cannot credibly defend Ukraine’s borders, threaten war over Taiwan’s sovereignty, and simultaneously flirt with territorial acquisition from a NATO ally. Such a move would not signal strength but moral exhaustion, eroding the very principles that give U.S. power global legitimacy. In a rules-based order the U.S. designed, restraint—not expansion—is what sustains leadership.

The Fragmentation of Western Politics

Western politics is fragmenting as unilateral power eclipses post-WWII cooperation. Assertive US interventions, from Venezuela to Greenland, expose weak international enforcement and embolden rival powers. Europe faces alliance uncertainty, rising nationalism, and economic coercion while NATO’s credibility strains. The precedent of unchecked interference risks normalising ‘might makes right,’ encouraging China and Russia to test boundaries. Without renewed collective security and democratic oversight, Western cohesion erodes, reshaping global stability and accelerating a volatile, multipolar order under growing strategic mistrust worldwide today.

EU–Mercosur: A Win–Win Partnership in an Era of Strategic Uncertainty

After more than two decades of negotiations, the EU–Mercosur Agreement creates one of the world’s largest free trade areas, connecting over 700 million consumers. It offers Mercosur preferential access to the EU’s high-income market for agri-food and bioeconomy exports, while providing the EU improved access to Mercosur markets for industrial goods, machinery, automobiles, and services. This structural complementarity drives mutual gains rather than zero-sum competition, enhancing economic resilience, investment flows, and supply-chain diversification for both partners in a fragmenting global order.

Who Checks Trump? Who Checked the U.S.?

The U.S. capture of Nicolás Maduro marks a dangerous rupture in global governance. By openly declaring its intent to “run” Venezuela, the United States has crossed from influence into occupation, undermining the very rules-based order it once championed. For Africa and states like Ghana, the message is stark: sovereignty is now conditional, and unchecked power—not law—risks becoming the new global norm.

AI in 2025: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

By 2025, artificial intelligence has shifted from disruptive innovation to strategic infrastructure. It is boosting productivity, accelerating scientific discovery, and expanding access to knowledge, while simultaneously intensifying labour disruption, market concentration, and governance gaps. More troublingly, AI is eroding trust in information, enabling surveillance, and compressing decision-making in ways that strain democratic and security systems. AI is no longer a neutral tool; it is a force multiplier whose impact depends less on capability and more on the strength of institutions that govern it.

+44 7881 1644457 | admin@16thcouncil.Uk